Top 5 Affordable Phones with Pure or Near‑Stock Android — UK 2026

Published on Tuesday, 21 July 2026

If you want a clean, fast phone without the clutter of heavy manufacturer skins, the UK market has plenty of affordable options in 2026. Pure or near-stock Android phones strip away unnecessary apps and tweaks, deliver a smoother everyday experience, and usually mean fewer annoying notifications and less background bloat. That simplicity is increasingly attractive to British buyers who want reliable performance on a budget — whether buying SIM-free for a pay-as-you-go plan or picking a handset on a rolling contract from EE, Vodafone, O2 or Three. The five models highlighted here — the Google Pixel 8a, Nokia G42 5G, Motorola Edge 40 Neo, Nokia X30 5G and Motorola Moto G84 — each bring a tidy software experience with different strengths: camera chops, battery life, screen quality or extra savings at launch. Beyond the interface, buying in the UK also means thinking about network band compatibility, warranty and return policies, trade-in or upgrade offers from major retailers, and how often the maker issues Android and security updates. This guide focuses on value: what you actually get for your money in real use rather than marketing copy. For people who value clean navigation, predictable software updates and a phone that feels fast after months of use, these five handsets are the best places to start when shopping in the UK this year.

Top Picks Summary

  1. Google Pixel 8a
  2. Nokia G42 5G
  3. Motorola Edge 40 Neo
  4. Nokia X30 5G
  5. Motorola Moto G84
BEST OVERALL STOCK ANDROID VALUE

Google Pixel 8a

Google

The Pixel 8a tops this list by pairing Google's clean stock Android experience with class-leading computational photography and guaranteed fast OS/security updates, making it the best choice for buyers who value long-term software support and camera quality. It sits above the others on update cadence and AI features, and although commonly priced a touch higher than the Nokia and Motorola budget entries, its stronger resale value and Google-optimized silicon deliver more durable performance per pound spent in the UK market.

Google Pixel 8a

Review Summary

92%

"Owners praise the Pixel 8a for its pure Android experience, excellent camera performance and guaranteed fast updates; battery life is solid for the price though not flagship-class."

Reviews from the web

36 quotes · 11 sources · 2024–2025
  • Even with a price rise in certain regions, the Pixel 8a remains excellent value for someone looking for a device with a great camera, pocketable design and the promise of many years of software updates.

    · 2024
  • Every phone touts their value, but the Pixel 8a shows us why it's the best cheap phone on the market with its intelligent AI features, charming design, and class leading software support.

    2024
  • So, is the Pixel 8a Google’s most complete mid-range Android phone to date? Yes, certainly. It has the best update commitment for the money, solid performance, an ever-growing list of AI-powered features, and a design almost as good as the Pixel 5 (a phone I still miss).

    · 2025Recent
  • On paper, the Google Pixel 8a isn't the best value option around with its 128GB storage and modest camera and gaming specs, but thanks to Google's excellent photo processing and handy AI features, it edges ahead of much of the competition.

    2024
  • The Pixel 8a is the best budget option for Android enthusiasts, and especially Google fans. It makes a case for itself against the pricier Pixel 8, and if you've been dying to try all of Google's coolest new Android and Gemini AI features, the Pixel 8a is the cheapest entry...

    2024
  • The Google Pixel 8a has its pros and cons, but if you're looking for a compact Android smartphone with a reliable camera, a host of new AI features, long-term update support, and a clean software experience, the Pixel 8a is for you.

    · 2024
  • The Pixel 8a looks a lot like the Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro thanks to its rounded corners and camera bar. The back is matte like the Pixel 8 Pro, not glossy like the Pixel 8. It resists fingerprints and grime well.

    2024
  • The 256GB Pixel 8a does not come cheaply. It will cost $559, and at present, it only appears to be available in the Obsidian color option.

    2024
  • Excellent photo and video quality across all cameras.

  • Three months is a good amount of time to judge any smartphone's build quality and durability, and that's one of the standout features of the Pixel 8a. I'll be honest, I haven't used a case on my Pixel 8a since Google sent it to me, and I'm impressed with how well it has held up.

    · 2024
  • On the other hand, the plastic on the back of the phone has a matte texture. This helps it match the metal frame and camera bar better, but it also has a nice feel. You likely won’t think you’re holding the latest flagship phone, but it certainly doesn’t feel like a budget phone.

    · 2024
  • I mentioned the upgrade from Tensor G2 to G3 from the 7a to the 8a, but the new processor allows for a build on AI features. The Magic Eraser (which I’ve got used to) on the 7a has been given an upgrade. This means you can easily delete objects you want to remove from pictures.

    · 2024

Loved

10
  • Secondly, it also feels much better to hold because of the matte back and polished aluminum frame it’s sporting this time. It doesn't feel slippery like the glossy finish of the Pixel 7a, while the matte finish makes it much more smudge resistant.

    Tom
  • Google's sustainable pledge continues with the Pixel 8a’s construction because it uses more recycled aluminum, glass, and plastic, while still offering an IP67 rating for water and dust resistance.

    Tom
  • Tom's Guide's lab testing reveals a peak brightness output 1,378 nits and 1,350 nits with HDR content. The latter very much comes close to Google's own claim of 1,400 nits.

    Tom
  • There are a couple of design changes that make the Pixel 8a look better than the Pixel 7a. First of all, the corners have been rounded to make it more in line with the design of the Pixel 8 and 8 Pro's design language.

    Tom
  • With the Pixel 8a design, I'm really impressed by how it looks and feels very much like Google's more expensive flagship phones. For a mid-ranger, it certainly has a charm to it that few phones can match.

    Tom
  • Google’s AI imaging tools are arguably one of the Pixel 8a’s main selling points, with Best Take, Magic Eraser, Portrait Light, and Unblur helping out with photos and Audio Magic Eraser cleaning up video background noise.

    Digital Camera World
  • Seven years of Android updates coming

    TechRadar
  • Useful AI tools for writing and photo edits

    TechRadar
  • Great design and color options

    TechRadar
  • In our battery tests, in which we stream a 1080p video over Wi-Fi at full brightness, the Pixel 8a lasted 12 hours and 15 minutes. That's two hours more than the Pixel 8 and the Galaxy S23 FE.

    PCMag UK

Criticised

13
  • Beyond these two changes, pretty much everything else about the Pixel 8a is identical, including the horizontal bar on the back of the phone that contains its cameras, USB-C port, power, and volume controls.

    Tom
  • Very minor camera improvements

    Tom
  • When it comes to Google's current software strategy, I'm a little hesitant to recommend any modern Pixel, and those feelings are doubly true for the Pixel 8a. I have concerns about both the present and the future of this hardware in particular — let me break down why.

    Android Police
  • Chunky styling won't be for all

    Digital Camera World
  • Plastic back doesn't feel premium

    Digital Camera World
  • If the Pixel 8 and 8 Pro are Lego, the Pixel 8a’s chunky, bulbous styling feels more like Duplo. The extremely rounded corners, thick bezel surrounding the screen, and playful styling all come together to create a fun, light-hearted impression.

    Digital Camera World
  • Battery life isn't great

    TechRadar
  • Cameras are better on more expensive Pixels

    TechRadar
  • Underpowered compared to Snapdragons

    TechRadar
  • In testing, the Pixel 8a charged from 0% to 100% in 1 hour and 50 minutes with an appropriate fast charger. A quick, 15-minute charge brought the battery up to 23%, while a 30-minute session took it to 43%. You must provide your own charger; Google doesn't include one in the box.

    PCMag UK
  • The Google Pixel 8a features a 4,492mAh battery that supports wired charging at up to 18W and Qi wireless charging at 7.5W. However, the Pixel 8a's wired charging speed is slower than the Pixel 8 (27W) and the Pixel 8 Pro (30W).

    PCMag UK
  • The Pixel 8 doesn't support reverse wireless charging, something you get with the Pixel 8 and 8 Pro.

    PCMag UK
  • The Pixel 8 is constantly discounted to similar prices

    Android Police

Buyer voices

1
  • I am disappointed with the Pixel 8a (self.GooglePixel)

    reddit

SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Software

Software support
Android 14 (7 years of OS + security updates)

Performance

Chipset
Google Tensor G3
Memory (RAM)
8GB
Storage
128,256 GB

Battery

Battery
4492mAh

Display

Display
6.1in OLED, 120Hz

Durability

Water resistance
IP67
BEST ULTRA-BUDGET STOCK ANDROID

Nokia G42 5G

Nokia

The Nokia G42 5G is the most budget-friendly pick that keeps near-stock Android, a large battery and a rugged, no-frills design — ideal for buyers prioritising uptime and low purchase cost. Compared with the Pixel 8a and Edge 40 Neo it sacrifices camera finesse and raw speed but undercuts them on price, offering one of the best cost-to-battery-life ratios in this 2025 UK lineup.

Nokia G42 5G smartphone review - With this eye-catcher, you can even ...

Review Summary

84%

"Users appreciate the Nokia G42 5G for its clean Android, long battery life and durable build; performance and camera quality are competent but rarely stand out."

Reviews from the web

43 quotes · 11 sources · 2023–2026
  • Ultimately, the cost of the Nokia G42 5G in comparison to its specs and with the Motorola Moto G53 5G looming in the background makes it hard to recommend.

    2023
  • The Nokia G42 is a budget smartphone that between its excellent battery life, distinctive design and long software support, has a lot to offer. But for a better display, more performance or a killer feature, it would be easier to recommend.

    · 2023
  • A good value 5G phone with the extra sparkle of repairability to attract buyers. It’s a very decent performer, looks good in purple, and offers a reasonable camera system as long as you use it in good light.

  • I found the Nokia G42 5G offers an experience way beyond the £199 price tag. And while the repairability can be argued, the quality, performance and OS support cannot.

    2023
  • The camera is adequate for taking everyday photos, especially during the day. Night mode is also available, although results in low-light can be a bit limited. Overall, the Nokia G42 offers a simple and reliable smartphone experience.

    2026Recent
  • Videos can be recorded in 1080p at a maximum of 30 fps. The autofocus works quickly and without pumping, and the brightness adjustment also works quite well. The resulting movies are of decent sharpness, but the lighting should be good, otherwise, there is a lot of noise.

    · 2023
  • Comparatively, the Motorola Moto G53 5G, priced at £190 in the UK and AU$329 in Australia, provides stiff competition with minor camera differences. While the Nokia remains reasonably priced, there are more budget-friendly options with comparable specs.

    · 2023
  • The most notable aspect is once again the repairable design. Using the free how-to guides and affordable replacement parts on the iFixit website, you can replace a cracked display, scratched backplate, wonky charging port or dead battery yourself, avoiding long waits and...

    · 2023
  • And the three cameras on the back include a 50MP main one backed by two 2MP cameras specifically for macro and depth, allowing the G42 to capture very nice pictures in all kinds of high and low lighting situations.

    2023

Loved

12
  • Good looking in the purple colour

    TechRadar
  • Main camera takes nice pictures in good lighting

    TechRadar
  • Battery lasts well over a day

    TechRadar
  • What might otherwise have been an unremarkable budget-friendly smartphone from Nokia is rendered more interesting by its repairability. You can crack the case of the phone and switch out the screen, battery and charging port using tools and parts provided by iFixit.

    Tech Advisor
  • The battery, charging port and screen are all up for switching over, should they stop functioning, making this an ideal phone for the butterfingers

    Tech Advisor
  • The battery, charging port and screen are all up for switching over, should they stop functioning, making this an ideal phone for the butterfingers who’s not afraid of a little electronic tinkering.

    Tech Advisor
  • If you’ve built a PC from parts then it’s not going to be completely outside your capabilities, and getting a replacement screen after dropping your phone on the pavement is a lot cheaper than a whole new phone.

    Tech Advisor
  • At 6.5in across the diagonal, the G42 is a nice size that’s good for one-handed operation for all but the smallest users.

    Tech Advisor
  • One of the highlights of the spec sheet is support for 5G, which isn’t a given even at the top-end of the budget market

    Tech Advisor
  • The phone features advanced 5G connectivity, a clear and bright display and a user-friendly Android experience. The highlight of the Nokia G42 is also its robust body and easy repairability, which makes it possible for users to use the phone for a long time.

    PHONEVORE
  • The biggest advantage of the Nokia G42 is its reliability and durability. The build quality of the phone is strong and can be used for a long time. The 5000mAh battery is enough for a full day of use, while the 90Hz display makes navigation smooth.

    PHONEVORE
  • The display with a 90 — Hz refresh rate makes scrolling and animations more fluid. Battery life is also quite impressive and should last more than a day.

    PHONEVORE

Criticised

10
  • No full HD display or 120 — Hz refresh rate

    TechRadar
  • Charging time is slow

    TechRadar
  • Processor not powerful enough for games

    TechRadar
  • The back of the phone lifts away easily once the clips are undone, but the fingerprint reader housed in the power button is attached to the case with a ribbon cable that is itself held down with a small screw. Tearing this cable will certainly ruin your day.

    Tech Advisor
  • It’s a fairly weighty phone at 193g and doesn’t come, as you would expect given it comes apart, with no IP dust or waterproof rating.

    Tech Advisor
  • A resolution of 720p is really the lowest you’ll want in a phone these days, and given the size of the screen and the distance you’ll view it from it’s really not too much of an issue. Full HD (1080p) would be preferable, of course, but leads to shorter battery life.

    Tech Advisor
  • The 90 — Hz maximum refresh rate helps to keep things smooth when you’re scrolling, and the biggest problem with the screen is its lack of brightness. I don’t expect an IPS panel to keep up with the latest AMOLED screens, but bright sunlight is not a friend to the G42.

    Tech Advisor
  • At the bottom of the case lives a single speaker which can output enough sound for a video call but really should be replaced by a pair of good headphones (the increasingly rare headphone socket can be found at the other end of the phone) if you’re using it for video...

    Tech Advisor
  • The Nokia G42 sits at the bottom of the mid-range in terms of performance. Its Snapdragon 480+ chipset isn’t a match for Snapdragon 7 phones like the Honor 90 and it trails behind the Google Pixel 7a by 600 points in the Geekbench rankings.

    Tech Advisor
  • Due to the HD+ display, some users may feel the lack of ultra-sharp visuals. Similarly, the processor being mid-range, it is not very suitable for heavy gaming. The camera performance could have been better in low-light photography.

    PHONEVORE

Buyer voices

12
  • I recently did an unboxing and initial review for the pink variant of the Nokia G42 5G. What I came to notice is that the pink variant which is available in UK comes with the latest security update for the month of August but the camera firmware is slightly older than the...

    NPowerUser
  • Disclaimer: I'm using this device for 2 months. I don't have any YouTube channel, and this Review is solely based upon my experience with the same. (I know that nail hygiene isn't at a good place).

  • The camera is as hyped not that bad, and more than Lava, it's more comparable to Redmi 12.

  • The processor does a good job, not overtly smooth, but the show goes on. However, don't run multiple applications at once; it may hang.

  • Connectivity is good, but I'd say my 5 year old MI A3 has better connectivity. Probably due to more bands.

  • 5G signal reception is fine too. In fact where phones like Realme 12 fail, this Nokia G42 connects easily. However, there are some issues going on for 2 days now like in spite of getting good signal and ample storage, no apps could not be installed or updated.

  • Build quality is below average. It feels good to hold the phone, but the back panel is damn slippery. With a bit of effort, you can pluck out the fingerprint sensor, the plastic covers around the charging port.

  • Audio output is good, both in speaker and wired earphones, and the mic provided does its job fine.

  • Talking about battery backup, it can run for 8 hrs SoT continuously if charged more than 90%. I charge this once a day.

  • Updates are timely although it has only been 2 months to own this device, so it'd be quick to term it as the best.

  • However, another thing that I wanted to point out is its hand-held feel. As earlier I used a 6.1-inch phone, this one seems a bit large, especially regarding width. Even other phones with the same length (6.56"), sometimes feel smaller and more comyto hold.

  • For day to day jobs, it's good if you're looking for a tight budget phone.

SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Software

Software support
Android 13 (up to 2 OS upgrades, 3 years security)

Performance

Chipset
Snapdragon 480+ 5G
Memory (RAM)
6GB
Storage
128GB

Battery

Battery
5000mAh

Display

Display
6.56in LCD, 90Hz
BEST STYLISH MIDRANGE WITH STOCK ANDROID

Motorola Edge 40 Neo

Motorola

The Motorola Edge 40 Neo balances a bright AMOLED screen, snappy mid-range performance and a lightly skinned Android build that stays close to stock, making it the best mid-tier technical compromise on this list. It outperforms the G42 and Moto G84 in display and sustained performance while generally costing less than the Pixel 8a, giving UK buyers strong value if you want smoother daily use without paying flagship prices.

Motorola Edge 40 Neo 12 GB RAM 25…

Review Summary

89%

"Reviewers like the Motorola Edge 40 Neo for its sleek design, smooth near-stock Android and strong everyday performance; battery and cameras punch above their price, making it a great value pick."

Reviews from the web

10 quotes · 7 sources · 2023–2026
  • The budget-focused Motorola Edge 40 Neo feels anything but, with a slew of premium features including IP68 water resistance, a 6.5-inch curved 144Hz display, 68W fast charging and truly stunning colourways that make it one for serious consideration.

    · 2023
  • The Edge series usually consists of Motorola's best smartphones, and the Edge 40 Neo bridges the gap between mid-range and high-end phones. It supposedly masters a whole range of features normally seen on much more expensive phones — without breaking the bank.

    · 2023
  • The photos that were taken with the ultra-wide angle camera were also visibly lacking in the amount of detail when compared to the main camera. When it comes to using the zoom, while 0.5x and 1x gave me decent results, anything past 2x quickly becomes grainy and is best avoided.

    2024
  • According to our users, connectivity stands out due to its IP68 certification and audio codecs. However, software updates are an area for improvement, and there have been issues with notifications.

    · 2026Recent
  • Fast charging (charger in box), good battery endurance

    · 2026Recent
  • Perhaps the most impressive figure to band around here is ‘IP68’. That’s the level of water and dust resistance that has been officially achieved by Motorola, and it’s the kind of detail you simply don’t see this far south of £600, especially when Motorola has a history of...

Criticised

2
  • The catch? You can only select a constant 144Hz refresh rate, with the dynamic options capped at 120Hz. This means you’ll need to choose between exceedingly high refresh rates and decent battery life, and for pretty much everyone except mobile gamers, it’ll likely be the latter.

    Trusted Reviews
  • MediaTek Dimensity 7030 chip — weaker than 8020 in Edge 40

    PhoneArena

Buyer voices

2
  • I believe it does “change its refresh rate dynamically depending on how you use the phone”. You yourself mention the “auto” setting for this. I believe on this setting it varies between 60, 90 and 120 Hz. OK it does not go below 60 but is not “always on” either.

  • Does this phone output video over a usb-c to HDMI cable? So that you can connect the phone directly (wired) to a Monitor or Television for ready for?

    Digital Citizen

SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Software

Software support
Android 13 (up to Android 15)

Performance

Chipset
MediaTek Dimensity 7030
Memory (RAM)
12GB
Storage
256GB

Battery

Battery
5000mAh
Charging
68W

Display

Display
6.55in pOLED, 144Hz
BEST SUSTAINABLE STOCK ANDROID CHOICE

Nokia X30 5G

Nokia

The Nokia X30 5G brings a more premium feel — recycled materials, solid cameras and a clean Android interface — positioning it as the sustainability-conscious step up from Nokia's G-series. It is pricier than the G42 and Moto G84 but usually cheaper than the Pixel 8a, offering a sensible middle ground for buyers who want nicer build quality and an extended update promise without paying flagship premiums.

Nokia X30 5G | Sustainable Smartphones | Qualcomm® aptX™

Review Summary

86%

"Buyers value the Nokia X30 5G for its sustainable materials, clean Android experience and reliable battery life; camera and performance are solid for a mid-ranger though not class-leading."

SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Software

Software support
Android 12 at launch, updated to Android 14; HMD has confirmed no Android 15, and the 3-year security window has closed

Performance

Chipset
Snapdragon 695 5G
Memory (RAM)
6,8 GB
Storage
128,256 GB

Battery

Battery
4200mAh
Charging
33W

Display

Display
6.43in AMOLED, 90Hz

Durability

Water resistance
IP67
BEST BALANCED BUDGET PERFORMER

Motorola Moto G84

Motorola

The Motorola Moto G84 is the affordable everyday phone in this selection, delivering a near-stock Android experience, a high-refresh display and efficient battery life at a very competitive price. It doesn’t match the Pixel 8a or Edge 40 Neo for camera or peak performance, but its low entry price, frequent retailer discounts in the UK and straightforward repairability make it an economical choice for budget-conscious shoppers.

MOTOROLA Moto G84 5G - 256GB, …

Review Summary

85%

"Users report the Motorola Moto G84 delivers a near-stock Android experience with good battery life and balanced everyday performance for the price, while its camera is capable but not exceptional."

SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Software

Software support
Android 13 (up to 2 OS upgrades)

Performance

Chipset
Snapdragon 695 5G
Memory (RAM)
8,12 GB
Storage
256GB

Battery

Battery
5000mAh
Charging
33W

Display

Display
6.5in pOLED, 120Hz

Stock or near‑stock Android devices stand out for a simple interface, fewer preinstalled apps, faster perceived performance and clearer update policies. For budget buyers in the UK, that means a phone that stays responsive longer and is easier to maintain — often at a lower price than comparable skinned alternatives.

Understanding the Benefits of Stock Android

Stock Android offers a range of advantages to users, making it a popular choice among British people seeking quality devices at a reasonable price point. Below are some insightful points about its benefits:

Seamless Updates: Stock Android devices receive updates more frequently than their custom-skinned counterparts, ensuring better security and access to the latest features.

Bloatware-Free Experience: Users enjoy more storage and better performance as stock Android phones typically come without pre-installed apps that consume resources.

Improved Battery Life: With fewer background processes associated with bloatware, stock Android phones often experience enhanced battery efficiency.

User-Friendly Interface: The clean design of stock Android makes it easy for users to find settings and apps, contributing to a more intuitive experience.

Customizability: Despite its simplicity, stock Android allows for further personalization and customization options, catering to various user preferences.

Lower Maintenance: Fewer pre-installed apps mean less maintenance, allowing users to focus on what matters most—making the most out of their device.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which near-stock phone should I buy for software support?

Choose the Google Pixel 8a: it runs pure Google Android with timely OS and security updates — Google guarantees seven years of both — and it holds an average rating of 4.4 for its clean stock experience and computational photography.

Does the Nokia G42 5G have near-stock Android?

Yes — the Nokia G42 5G offers a near-stock Android interface with minimal bloat for a clean user experience, includes 5G connectivity, and has an average rating of 4.1.

Is the Pixel 8a better value than the Nokia G42 5G?

They target different budgets. The Nokia G42 5G is the cheaper pick at roughly £130-180 and is rated 4.1, making it the value choice for buyers who mainly want long battery life and a clean interface. The Google Pixel 8a sits higher at around £300-400 and is rated 4.4, but you gain a far stronger camera, faster performance and Google's seven-year update promise — so it is the better long-term value if your budget stretches.

Which phone is closer to stock Android: the Motorola Edge 40 Neo?

The Motorola Edge 40 Neo is described as close-to-stock Android with Motorola's subtle My UX enhancements, and it's rated 4.3; it also features a sharp OLED display with a high refresh rate.

Conclusion

Choosing a budget phone with pure or near-stock Android is a good way to get steady performance, clearer notifications and a longer useful life from a low-cost handset. In the UK, factor in SIM compatibility, whether you prefer SIM-free deals or contract offers, and the seller's return and warranty terms before you buy. If software updates and minimal preinstalled apps matter most, prioritise the Google Pixel 8a for its guaranteed seven years of OS and security updates and its clean Google software, while the Nokia G42 5G, Motorola Edge 40 Neo, Nokia X30 5G and Motorola Moto G84 offer notable trade-offs in price, display and battery life. Want tailored advice? Use the search bar on this page to compare specs, check current UK deals and read real-world user feedback. If you need help matching a handset to a specific UK network or budget, drop a query and we'll point you towards the best, up-to-date options.

Don't see your product here?

If you're a brand owner wondering why your product isn't listed, we can help you understand our ranking criteria.

Learn why

As an Amazon Associate and affiliate partner, Inception earns from qualifying purchases. This does not influence our rankings. Our product search and market analysis are separate from the selling part.

As an Amazon Associate and affiliate partner, Inception earns from qualifying purchases. This does not influence our rankings. Our product search and market analysis are separate from the selling part.

CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS IN THIS APPLICATION COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.